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They are not medicines, are not licensed for human use, and are not intended for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of any disease

Sinha A, Simnani FZ, Singh D, Nandi A, Choudhury A, Patel P, et al

"Functional Characterization of the Effects of N -acetyltransferase 2 Alleles on N -acetylation of Eight Drugs and Worldwide Distribution of Substrate-Specific Diversity"

B-Complex Vitamins Thiamine (B1) helps metabolize fats, carbohydrates, & amino acids Riboflavin (B2) plays a major role in cellular energy production, conversion of carbohydrates to sugars, processing of amino acids and fats, and serves as an antioxidant Niacinamide (B3) helps decrease cholesterol, plays a role in in DNA repair Dexpanthenol (B5) helps your body make and utilize carbs, proteins, and fats

Elevated TMAO levels in DKD also downregulate tight junction proteins, increasing intestinal permeability (107, 108)