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The tobacco industry has intentionally marketed to the following communities through neighborhood advertising, coupons, lower pricing, and financial donations to the organizations in which they belong: Black (85% of Black adults who smoke use menthols) Hispanic Female Youth (More than of all 12-20 year olds who use cigarettes start with menthol cigarettes and 90% of Black teenagers who smoke use them) LGBTQ Low-socioeconomic Status Menthol-flavored cigarettes have been removed from the market in the European Union, United Kingdom, and Canada
Here we review the immunosuppressive effects of cigarette smoke and the mechanisms by which smoking affects host innate immunity including structural and functional changes in the respiratory ciliary epithelium, lung surfactant protein, and immune cells such as alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
Policy actions may also be informed by epigenetic evidence
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