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Single-cell genomics, a groundbreaking technology developed in recent years, allows for the study of genomic heterogeneity and complexity at the individual cell level
DMT1 then mediates the transport of Fe 2+ from the endosome to the cell labile iron pool (LIP) ( Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) binds to ferritin and mediates its delivery to autophagosomes ( 2+ participates in a series of physiological cell processes, including the generation of ROS through Fenton reactions, which further promotes lipid peroxidation ( 2.3 Ferroptosis defense mechanisms 2.3.1 System X c /GSH/GPX4 axis The System X c /GSH/GPX4 axis, DHODHubiquinol (CoQH 2 ) system, FSP1CoQ10 axis, GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH1)tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) axis, and sex hormones can inhibit ferroptosis, and the inhibition of related molecular pathways is an important strategy to induce ferroptosis in tumor cells ( c is a heterodimeric amino-acid transporter located on the cell membrane and consisting of two subunits: SLC3A2 and SLC7A11 ( c /GSH/GPX4 axis and can be roughly divided into four classes based on their targets: class-1 FINs such as erastin inhibit SLC7A11, class-2 FINs such as RSL3 and ML162 inhibit GPX4 enzyme activity, class-3 FINs such as FIN56 deplete GPX4 and CoQ10, and class-4 FINs induce lipid peroxidation ( 2.3.2 Other ferroptosis-associated axes Although GSH/GPX4, ACSL4, and PUFA are the main factors required for ferroptosis, exogenous oxygen radicals generated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) can directly peroxidize PUFAs and initiate lipid autoxidation, triggering ferroptosis-like cell death by means independent of LOXs and ACSL4 ( NFE2L2/NRF2 defends against oxidative stress in cells, and various ferroptosis-related proteins, including those related to cellular iron metabolism and GSH metabolism, are its targets ( c /GSH/GPX4 axis, including SLC7A11, GSH synthase, and GPX4, which inhibits ferroptosis ( in vivo and in vitro ( A group of genes that antagonize iron-dependent cell death, including GCH1 and its metabolic derivatives BH4/dihydrobiopterin (BH2), has been identified, and BH4/BH2 synthesis-induced lipid remodeling have been found to inhibit ferroptosis by selectively preventing the consumption of two polyunsaturated acyl-tailed phospholipids ( 2 (a radicular-trapping antioxidant with anti-ferroptotic activity) ( 2 , supporting the hypothesis that G3P in mitochondria also acts as an RTA to inhibit ferroptosis ( 2.3.3 Regulation of ferroptosis and other types of cell death by p53 p53 is an important tumor suppressor that functions as a transcription factor (65)
Among them, GPX4 is a membrane-associated phospholipid hydroperoxidase, and it is also the only enzyme in the GPX family that directly reduces and destroys lipid hydroperoxides, which can reduce complex lipid compounds in addition to reducing H 2 O 2 and small molecule hydroperoxides
