Patients with a severe needle phobia, tremors, poor eyesight, or cognitive impairment should have a partner, family member, or healthcare provider administer the injection instead
Common side effects include, but may not be limited to: pain or redness at the injection site mild diarrhea pruritus (itching) increased swelling joint pain dizziness headache nervousness or anxiety Serious side effects may include: allergic reactions peripheral vascular thrombosis hypokalemia (low potassium levels) pulmonary edema (fluid build-up around or in the lungs) thrombocytosis congestive heart failure There have been reports of anaphylactic shock and death after the parenteral administration of vitamin B12
doi:10.1111/head.13828 Liampas I, Siokas V, Mentis AA, et al
Consistency in measurement method matters more than absolute accuracy
The following data were collected: publication year, country and continent, study setting (e.g., hospital, private practice, academic clinic), sample size, age range, mean age, study design, population characteristics, intervention details, outcomes, and effect measures (e.g., serum B12 levels)