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10.13260/j.cnki.jfjtcm.2023.08015 278 ZhengX.GongT.TangC.ZhongY.ShiL.FangX.et al (2022b)

Yamamoto, B.A

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It achieves a 60% reduction in reactive oxygen species in cells pretreated and then exposed to hydrogen peroxide

Similarly, TGR5 activation elevates intracellular cAMP levels, leading to downstream activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), which suppresses NF-B signaling, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and can promote macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype 148